united states home front during world war ii
In February 1942, two months after Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066. That order stated that all Americans with any hint of Japanese ancestry would be relocated. Japanese-Americans were forcibly relocated to interment camps with cruel conditions.
The order effected nearly 117,000 people, many of whom had been born in the United States. Many of the camps were located in the desert, summer heats commonly above 100 degrees. The camps were fenced in and had 14 barracks, 1 mess hall, 1 recreational area, and a few other very basic buildings.
Many Japanese-Americans who were forced into the camps did not make it out due to poor medical attention and emotional stress.
In 1988 America acknowledged the injustice and awarded each surviving internment campee 20,000 dollars and an apology.
The order effected nearly 117,000 people, many of whom had been born in the United States. Many of the camps were located in the desert, summer heats commonly above 100 degrees. The camps were fenced in and had 14 barracks, 1 mess hall, 1 recreational area, and a few other very basic buildings.
Many Japanese-Americans who were forced into the camps did not make it out due to poor medical attention and emotional stress.
In 1988 America acknowledged the injustice and awarded each surviving internment campee 20,000 dollars and an apology.
During WWII, African American soldiers were given the chance to join the military. The United States army became one of the fastest integrated armies in the world. Over 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft for World War II, and one million served as draftees or volunteers of the Armed forces.
The Golden Thirteen was a group in 1944 of the first African American navy servicemen who completed the training for the United States Navy. The Golden Thirteen began in 1943 when the secretary of the naval forces realized that the thousands of African Americans who signed up for the navy would need leading. He chose 16 candidates for the program. Some of those chosen had advanced degrees, but most were athletes. Above all, they all had extremely commendable service records. Of the 16 chosen, only 13 received commissions. The reasons for the rejection of the other 3 were never fully stated, though there was discrimination in the air still, and the naval system was still segregated.
The Golden Thirteen was a group in 1944 of the first African American navy servicemen who completed the training for the United States Navy. The Golden Thirteen began in 1943 when the secretary of the naval forces realized that the thousands of African Americans who signed up for the navy would need leading. He chose 16 candidates for the program. Some of those chosen had advanced degrees, but most were athletes. Above all, they all had extremely commendable service records. Of the 16 chosen, only 13 received commissions. The reasons for the rejection of the other 3 were never fully stated, though there was discrimination in the air still, and the naval system was still segregated.
Native Americans, such as the ones photographed on the left, are remembered for the famous Navajo Code talkers. Navajo Code talkers developed a seemingly nonsensical code for communication during World War II. By the end of the war, of the 50,000 some Navajo nation in the United states, over 400 men were working as Navajo code talkers.
Though many other codes failed to work as designed, this attempt did because they would use words like "whale" for submarine and "hummingbird" for planes. The Native American language did not consist of any military terms for a tank or machine gun.
Though many other codes failed to work as designed, this attempt did because they would use words like "whale" for submarine and "hummingbird" for planes. The Native American language did not consist of any military terms for a tank or machine gun.
Women
Rosie the Riveter, and iconic image even today, first made her appearance in the years of World War II. The poster made it's first appearance in 1942. Rosie the Riveter was an icon for woman during the war. She was an icon that symbolized the society at that time.
Women at the time were encouraged to pick up for society and work in factories. As the men were all at war, the women picked up and worked hard in their place. Due to this, many women worked in jobs they wouldn't usually. Making bombs, making tanks, engineers and labor workers.
Some women stayed in their field of work that they took on during the war, and others backed off as propaganda went back to pushing women out of the jobs after the war ended as the men found themselves jobless once again. A testament to a male driven society present then, and present now.
The woman who posed for the poster first submitted by J. Howard Miller in 1942 is still alive today. She's 92 years old and still works her engineering job.
The slogan "We Can Do It!" was to encourage women to strive on in the tough jobs they'd taken to doing while men were away at war.
Civil Liberties
Korematsu vs. United States was a case brought against the United States in 1944 that questioned the relocation and discrimination of Japanese-American individuals. Fred Korematsu was a man of Japanese ancestry who, upon hearing word of the United States order that banned those of Japanese ancestry of areas along the northern coast, refused to leave his home in San Leandro, California. Korematsu was convicted, and he appealed.
It wasn't long until his case made it to the Supreme Court. He claimed the racial discrimination, and blatant neglect of civil rights to be unconstitutional. The case was argued on October 11th, 1944.
On December 18th, 1944 the issue had been decided on, and the court was 6-3 in favor with the United States government. Though it was recognized that there was racial discrimination, the verdict stated that the United States' security outweighed civil rights.
"Pressing public necessity," Justice Hugo Black had written, "may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can."
It wasn't long until his case made it to the Supreme Court. He claimed the racial discrimination, and blatant neglect of civil rights to be unconstitutional. The case was argued on October 11th, 1944.
On December 18th, 1944 the issue had been decided on, and the court was 6-3 in favor with the United States government. Though it was recognized that there was racial discrimination, the verdict stated that the United States' security outweighed civil rights.
"Pressing public necessity," Justice Hugo Black had written, "may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can."
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
President Roosevelt, who served his term from 1933 to 1945, Under Roosevelt's command, the United States entered the war after. Roosevelt even created his own alliance when entering the war to oppose the Axis Powers.
The Axis Powers was a group of independent countries who together, decided what would an ork. The day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt declared war on Japan. During his speech that day, he famously referred to December 7th, the day of the aforementioned "early morning sneak attack", as "a day that will live infamy"
The Axis Powers was a group of independent countries who together, decided what would an ork. The day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt declared war on Japan. During his speech that day, he famously referred to December 7th, the day of the aforementioned "early morning sneak attack", as "a day that will live infamy"
Food rationing & financing the war
During WWII, many civilians couldn't purchase whatever they wanted, even if they had the money for it, they were all limited to a certain amount. From butter to gasoline, all things were rationed during WWII. The government introduced rationing due to the short supply of materials, they thought it would be the best way for everyone to get their "fair share" of items. Rationing began in 1942 when the U.S. OPA froze on all everyday good, thus the economy shifted to war production overnight.
To finance the war, the government increased taxes and started war bond campaigns, they also created a financial policy to control inflation because consumer goods were limited. The government thought that the promotion of said war bonds could increase the finances for the war and build civilian morale.
To finance the war, the government increased taxes and started war bond campaigns, they also created a financial policy to control inflation because consumer goods were limited. The government thought that the promotion of said war bonds could increase the finances for the war and build civilian morale.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The phrase "early morning sneak attack" was referred to from the following article, and in no way belongs to any of the individuals who worked on this presentation: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-date-which-will-live-in-infamyhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt
Picture of Rosie the Riveter: http://www.singularitynyc.com/images/Rosie-the-Riveter.jpg
African Americans in WW2 information: http://learn.uakron.edu/beyond/ww2_civilRights.htm, http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/aframerwar/, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973067/Golden-Thirteen
Navajo code talkers: http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/navajacode.htm
korematsu: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/landmark_korematsu.html, <- Quote from here also
Picture of Rosie the Riveter: http://www.singularitynyc.com/images/Rosie-the-Riveter.jpg
African Americans in WW2 information: http://learn.uakron.edu/beyond/ww2_civilRights.htm, http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/aframerwar/, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973067/Golden-Thirteen
Navajo code talkers: http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/navajacode.htm
korematsu: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/landmark_korematsu.html, <- Quote from here also